目 录 第1章 计算机网络概述...................................................................................1 1.1 计算机网络的定义与组成 .................................................................1 1.2 计算机网络的分类和拓扑 .................................................................2 1.2.1 计算机网络的分类 .................................................................2 1.2.2 计算机网络的拓扑结构 .........................................................3 1.3 协议与分层 .........................................................................................6 1.3.1 网络通信协议 .........................................................................6 1.3.2 网络的分层 .............................................................................7 1.4 计算机网络的体系结构 .....................................................................7 1.4.1 开放系统互连参考模型 .........................................................7 1.4.2 TCP/IP模型 ..........................................................................10 1.5 网络协议分析工具 ...........................................................................12 1.6 小结 ...................................................................................................14 1.7 习题 ...................................................................................................14 第2章 物理层.................................................................................................15 2.1 物理层的基本概念 ...........................................................................15 2.1.1 物理层接口模型 ...................................................................15 2.1.2 物理层接口的特性 ...............................................................16 2.2 数据通信基础知识 ...........................................................................17 2.2.1 通信的基本概念 ...................................................................17 2.2.2 数据编码 ...............................................................................21 2.2.3 数据传输方式 .......................................................................27 2.2.4 数据通信方式 .......................................................................29 2.2.5 数据通信的主要技术指标 ...................................................30 2.3 数据传输介质 ...................................................................................32 2.3.1 同轴电缆 ...............................................................................32 2.3.2 双绞线 ...................................................................................33 2.3.3 光纤 .......................................................................................35 2.4 小结 ...................................................................................................37 2.5 习题 ...................................................................................................37 2.6 直通双绞线电缆制作实训 ...............................................................37 第3章 数据链路层....................................................................................................................40 3.1 数据链路层的基本概念 ..............................................................................................40 3.1.1 数据链路层的功能 ..........................................................................................40 3.1.2 数据链路层标准 ..............................................................................................41 3.2 以太网 ..........................................................................................................................42 3.2.1 以太网帧结构 ..................................................................................................43 3.2.2 以太网MAC地址 ...........................................................................................44 3.2.3 以太网介质访问控制方法 ..............................................................................46 3.2.4 以太网标准 ......................................................................................................48 3.3 以太网连接设备 ..........................................................................................................49 3.3.1 中继器与集线器 ..............................................................................................49 3.3.2 网桥与交换机 ..................................................................................................51 3.4 广域网链路 ..................................................................................................................55 3.4.1 高级数据链路控制 ..........................................................................................55 3.4.2 点到点协议 ......................................................................................................56 3.5 小结 ..............................................................................................................................58 3.6 习题 ..............................................................................................................................58 第4章 网络层技术....................................................................................................................60 4.1 IP地址 ..........................................................................................................................60 4.1.1 IP地址的表示方法 ..........................................................................................61 4.1.2 IP地址的分类 ..................................................................................................61 4.1.3 特殊IP地址 .....................................................................................................63 4.1.4 IP地址分配规则 ..............................................................................................64 4.1.5 子网与子网掩码 ..............................................................................................66 4.1.6 子网划分习题课 ..............................................................................................69 4.2 IP协议 ..........................................................................................................................72 4.2.1 IP协议的概念 ..................................................................................................72 4.2.2 IP层接口参数 ..................................................................................................75 4.2.3 IP协议处理方式 ..............................................................................................76 4.3 ARP协议 ......................................................................................................................77 4.3.1 ARP协议的工作原理 ......................................................................................77 4.3.2 ARP地址映射表 ..............................................................................................79 4.4 ICMP协议 ....................................................................................................................80 4.5 路由器基本配置 ..........................................................................................................83 4.5.1 网络设备硬件结构 ..........................................................................................83 4.5.2 控制台连接 ......................................................................................................84 4.5.3 VRP介绍 ..........................................................................................................87 4.5.4 接口配置命令 ................................................................................................101 4.5.5 基本路由配置 ................................................................................................102 4.6 网络静态路由配置案例 ............................................................................................108 4.6.1 IP地址规划 ....................................................................................................108 4.6.2 路由规划 ........................................................................................................109 4.6.3 路由器及主机配置和测试 ............................................................................110 4.7 小结 ............................................................................................................................112 4.8 习题 ............................................................................................................................113 4.9 静态路由配置实训 ....................................................................................................113 第5章 路由信息协议..............................................................................................................117 5.1 路由信息协议的引入 ................................................................................................117 5.1.1 静态路由存在的问题 ....................................................................................117 5.1.2 动态路由与路由选择协议 ............................................................................117 5.2 路由信息协议的原理与实现 ....................................................................................119 5.2.1 RIP的工作原理 .............................................................................................119 5.2.2 RIP协议配置 .................................................................................................121 5.2.3 RIP交换的路由信息 .....................................................................................125 5.3 路由信息协议配置案例 ............................................................................................125 5.3.1 网络路由规划 ................................................................................................126 5.3.2 路由器及主机配置和测试 ............................................................................127 5.3.3 路由注入 ........................................................................................................133 5.3.4 超网与无类域间路由 ....................................................................................134 5.4 小结 ............................................................................................................................135 5.5 习题 ............................................................................................................................135 5.6 RIP配置实训 .............................................................................................................135 第6章 虚拟局域网..................................................................................................................139 6.1 问题的引入 ................................................................................................................139 6.1.1 模拟网络规划要求 ........................................................................................139 6.1.2 项目分析 ........................................................................................................139 6.2 虚拟局域网概述 ........................................................................................................141 6.2.1 交换机上划分逻辑网络的需求 ....................................................................141 6.2.2 虚拟局域网技术 ............................................................................................142 6.2.3 VLAN的种类 ................................................................................................143 6.2.4 VLAN的特点 ................................................................................................145 6.3 VLAN的配置 ............................................................................................................145 6.3.1 华为交换机概述 ............................................................................................146 6.3.2 VLAN配置命令 ............................................................................................148 6.3.3 VLAN配置案例 ............................................................................................151 6.4 VLAN间路由 ............................................................................................................153 6.4.1 传统路由器实现VLAN间路由 ...................................................................153 6.4.2 单臂路由 ........................................................................................................154 6.5 跨交换机VLAN及VLAN间路由 ..........................................................................159 6.5.1 交换机上VLAN配置 ...................................................................................160 6.5.2 交换机之间链路的配置 ................................................................................160 6.5.3 单臂路由的配置 ............................................................................................161 6.6 三层交换机实现VLAN之间路由 ...........................................................................162 6.6.1 三层交换的概念 ............................................................................................162 6.6.2 三层交换机实现VLAN之间路由 ...............................................................164 6.6.3 三层交换机为二层交换机实现VLAN之间路由 .......................................166 6.7 小结 ............................................................................................................................168 6.8 习题 ............................................................................................................................168 6.9 实训 ............................................................................................................................169 6.9.1 单臂路由配置实训 ........................................................................................169 6.9.2 三层交换配置实训 ........................................................................................172 第7章 传输层协议..................................................................................................................176 7.1 客户端/服务器交互模式 .........................................................................................176 7.1.1 客户端/服务器交互模式的概念 .................................................................176 7.1.2 传输层服务类型 ............................................................................................177 7.2 网络应用程序的通信过程 ........................................................................................178 7.2.1 应用程序通信协议 ........................................................................................178 7.2.2 传输层接口参数 ............................................................................................178 7.2.3 C/S模式通信过程 .........................................................................................179 7.3 TCP协议 ....................................................................................................................181 7.3.1 TCP协议中的差错控制 ................................................................................181 7.3.2 TCP协议中的流量与网络拥塞控制 ............................................................182 7.3.3 TCP协议中的连接控制 ................................................................................183 7.3.4 TCP协议报文格式 ........................................................................................184 7.4 UDP协议 ...................................................................................................................186 7.4.1 UDP协议的特点 ...........................................................................................186 7.4.2 UDP协议报文格式 .......................................................................................186 7.5 小结 ............................................................................................................................187 7.6 习题 ............................................................................................................................187 第8章 NAT与Wi-Fi接入 ....................................................................................................188 8.1 网络地址转换基本概念 ............................................................................................188 8.2 静态网络地址转换 ....................................................................................................189 8.3 动态网络地址转换 ....................................................................................................191 8.4 网络地址端口转换 ....................................................................................................195 8.5 基于接口的地址转换 ................................................................................................196 8.6 端口地址重定向 ........................................................................................................197 8.7 Wi-Fi接入 ..................................................................................................................199 8.7.1 无线局域网 ....................................................................................................199 8.7.2 无线路由器 ....................................................................................................200 8.8 小结 ............................................................................................................................207 8.9 习题 ............................................................................................................................207 8.10 NAT配置实训 ..........................................................................................................207 第9章 IPv6基础.....................................................................................................................211 9.1 IPv6编址 ....................................................................................................................211 9.1.1 IPv6地址表示方法 ........................................................................................211 9.1.2 IPv6报头格式 ................................................................................................212 9.1.3 IPv6地址类型 ................................................................................................213 9.2 IPv6配置 ....................................................................................................................216 9.2.1 IPv6地址配置 ................................................................................................216 9.2.2 IPv6路由协议 ................................................................................................218 9.3 IPv6过渡策略 ............................................................................................................221 9.3.1 双协议栈 ........................................................................................................221 9.3.2 隧道封装 ........................................................................................................222 9.4 小结 ............................................................................................................................224 9.5 习题 ............................................................................................................................224 9.6 IPv6实训 ....................................................................................................................224 附录A 华为模拟器eNSP简介...............................................................................................229 A.1 eNSP的安装 ............................................................................................................229 A.2 eNSP主界面 ............................................................................................................229 A.3 网络设备基本配置 ..................................................................................................231 附录B H3C路由器、交换机基本配置 .................................................................................233 B.1 H3C路由器基本配置命令 ......................................................................................233 B.2 H3C交换机基本配置命令 ......................................................................................236 附录C 网络安全概述 ..............................................................................................................240 C.1 网络安全包括的内容 ...............................................................................................240 C.2 常用的网络安全技术 ...............................................................................................240 附录D 实训报告 ......................................................................................................................244 参考文献.....................................................................................................................................245