目录 第 1 章 并行程序设计概述 . ........................................................................1 1.1 并行性概述 ..................................................................................................1 1.2 如何衡量计算速度 ......................................................................................3 1.3 并行计算系统基本知识 ..............................................................................6 1.3.1 弗林分类 .........................................................................................6 1.3.2 共享内存系统与消息传递系统 .....................................................8 1.3.3 几种常见的并行计算系统 ...........................................................10 1.3.4 互连网络 .......................................................................................15 1.3.5 多级存储体系结构 .......................................................................16 1.4 并行编程语言/接口分类 ........................................................................17 1.5 浮点数格式 ................................................................................................19 1.6 例子程序 ....................................................................................................21 1.6.1 矩阵相乘 .......................................................................................21 1.6.2 规约和扫描 ...................................................................................22 1.7 小结 ............................................................................................................26 习题 ............................................................................................................27 第 2 章 共享内存系统并行编程 . .............................................................28 2.1 共享内存系统中的并行模型 ....................................................................28 2.1.1 多线程并行概述 ...........................................................................29 2.1.2 同步与互斥的概念 .......................................................................30 2.2 OpenMP编程 ............................................................................................31 2.2.1 概述 ...............................................................................................31 2.2.2 OpenMP的基本命令 .....................................................................33 并行程序设计 X 2.2.3 共享工作构造及其组合 ...............................................................................35 2.2.4 线程间同步与互斥 .......................................................................................40 2.2.5 常用子句 .......................................................................................................43 2.2.6 OpenMP 示例程序：级数法计算圆周率 ....................................................51 2.2.7 task 工作构造 ................................................................................................52 2.3 Pthreads编程 .............................................................................................................57 2.3.1 Pthreads 简介 .................................................................................................57 2.3.2 线程的创建和终止 .......................................................................................57 2.3.3 线程互斥 .......................................................................................................63 2.3.4 Pthreads 示例程序：级数法计算圆周率 .....................................................67 2.3.5 线程同步 .......................................................................................................69 2.3.6 Pthreads 示例程序：生产者–消费者 ...........................................................76 2.3.7 线程死锁与锁粒度 .......................................................................................79 2.4 面向多核系统的新型编程语言/接口 ....................................................................82 2.4.1 Cilk与Cilk++ .................................................................................................82 2.4.2 TBB ................................................................................................................85 2.5 小结 ............................................................................................................................88 习题 ............................................................................................................................88 第 3 章 消息传递系统并行编程 . ...........................................................................90 3.1 MPI 简介 ...................................................................................................................90 3.1.1 MPI 是什么？ ...............................................................................................90 3.1.2 MPI 的并行模式 ...........................................................................................91 3.1.3 一个简单的MPI 程序 ...................................................................................92 3.1.4 MPI 基本环境 ...............................................................................................93 3.1.5 通信子、进程组、进程号 ...........................................................................95 3.1.6 MPI 数据类型 ...............................................................................................96 3.1.7 MPI 通信简介 ...............................................................................................98 3.2 点对点通信 ................................................................................................................99 3.2.1 标准通信模式 .............................................................................................100 3.2.2 缓存通信模式 .............................................................................................104 3.2.3 同步通信模式 .............................................................................................106 3.2.4 就绪通信模式 .............................................................................................106 3.2.5 四种通信模式小结 .....................................................................................107 3.2.6 组合发送接收 .............................................................................................108 3.2.7 非阻塞通信 .................................................................................................109 3.3 集合通信 ..................................................................................................................117 3.3.1 集合通信概述 .............................................................................................117 3.3.2 数据广播MPI_Bcast ...................................................................................118 3.3.3 数据分发MPI_Scatter .................................................................................119 3.3.4 数据收集MPI_Gather .................................................................................121 3.3.5 组收集MPI_Allgather .................................................................................123 3.3.6 全互换MPI_Alltoall ....................................................................................124 3.3.7 规约MPI_Reduce ........................................................................................126 3.3.8 组规约MPI_Allreduce .................................................................................130 3.3.9 扫描MPI_Scan .............................................................................................130 3.3.10 栅栏MPI_Barrier .......................................................................................131 3.4 一个MPI示例程序 ................................................................................................132 3.4.1 数值积分的计算 .........................................................................................132 3.4.2 基于数值积分的圆周率计算程序 .............................................................133 3.4.3 MPI墙钟时间 ..............................................................................................134 3.5 进程组和通信子 ......................................................................................................135 3.5.1 组管理 .........................................................................................................136 3.5.2 通信子管理 .................................................................................................138 3.5.3 组间通信子 .................................................................................................140 3.6 MPI与多线程 .........................................................................................................141 3.6.1 如何在MPI程序中使用多线程 ..................................................................141 3.6.2 MPI+OpenMP示例程序 ..............................................................................142 3.6.3 分析和讨论 .................................................................................................144 3.7 进程拓扑 ..................................................................................................................145 3.7.1 进程拓扑简介 .............................................................................................145 3.7.2 创建进程拓扑 .............................................................................................146 3.7.3 进程拓扑相关的通信函数 .........................................................................149 3.8 PGAS编程及语言 ..................................................................................................150 3.9 作业管理系统及使用 ..............................................................................................156 3.9.1 作业管理系统简介 .....................................................................................156 3.9.2 Slurm简介 ....................................................................................................156 3.9.3 在Slurm中以作业方式执行程序 ................................................................158 3.9.4 Slurm的作业脚本 ........................................................................................160 3.9.5 在Slurm中以其他方式执行程序 ................................................................161 3.9.6 Slurm常用命令 ............................................................................................162 3.10 小结 ........................................................................................................................166 习题 .........................................................................................................................167 第 4 章 异构系统并行编程 . ..................................................................................169 4.1 异构系统编程概述 ..................................................................................................169 4.2 面向NVIDIA GPU的CUDA编程 .......................................................................170 4.2.1 CUDA概述 ..................................................................................................170 4.2.2 Hello World程序：CUDA程序的基本形态 ..............................................172 4.2.3 两个整数相加程序：CPU-GPU数据交换 ................................................173 4.2.4 向量求和程序：CUDA多线程 ..................................................................176 4.2.5 CUDA线程组织 ..........................................................................................177 4.2.6 CUDA内存层次与变量修饰符 ..................................................................181 4.2.7 函数修饰符 .................................................................................................184 4.2.8 CUDA流 ......................................................................................................185 4.2.9 性能优化 .....................................................................................................192 4.2.10 CUDA统一内存空间 ................................................................................197 4.2.11 使用多GPU ................................................................................................198 4.3 OpenCL编程 ...........................................................................................................200 4.3.1 OpenCL概述 ................................................................................................200 4.3.2 OpenCL程序的执行流程及相关API .........................................................202 4.3.3 OpenCL示例程序一：向量求和 ................................................................211 4.3.4 OpenCL的执行模型与线程组织 ................................................................215 4.3.5 OpenCL的内存层次结构 ............................................................................218 4.3.6 OpenCL示例程序二：矩阵相乘 ................................................................220 4.4 面向申威处理器的Athread编程 ...........................................................................222 4.4.1 申威处理器及其编程简介 .........................................................................222 4.4.2 Hello World程序：Athread程序的基本形态 .............................................223 4.4.3 Athread变量的局部存储空间属性 .............................................................225 4.4.4 Athread主–从核编程接口 ...........................................................................225 4.4.5 Athread寄存器通信 .....................................................................................229 4.4.6 Athread版的Cannon并行矩阵相乘 ............................................................230 4.5 OpenACC编程 ........................................................................................................234 4.5.1 OpenACC概述 .............................................................................................234 4.5.2 OpenACC语法 .............................................................................................234 4.5.3 OpenACC循环并行性 .................................................................................237 4.5.4 基于申威处理器的OpenACC编程 .............................................................238 4.6 小结 ..........................................................................................................................246 习题 ..........................................................................................................................246 第 5 章 并行程序性能优化 . .................................................................................248 5.1 Amdahl定律 ............................................................................................................248 5.2 影响性能的主要因素 ..............................................................................................250 5.2.1 并行开销 .....................................................................................................250 5.2.2 负载均衡 .....................................................................................................251 5.2.3 并行粒度 .....................................................................................................252 5.2.4 并行划分 .....................................................................................................252 5.2.5 依赖关系 .....................................................................................................253 5.2.6 局部性 .........................................................................................................254 5.3 并行程序的可扩展性及性能优化方法 ..................................................................255 5.3.1 什么是并行程序的可扩展性？ .................................................................255 5.3.2 确保并行程序可扩展性的重要原则：独立计算块 .................................256 5.3.3 数据划分对性能和可扩展性的影响 .........................................................259 5.3.4 其他常用性能优化方法 .............................................................................264 5.4 PCAM并行设计方法 .............................................................................................266 5.4.1 划分 .............................................................................................................266 5.4.2 通信 .............................................................................................................268 5.4.3 组合 .............................................................................................................270 5.4.4 映射 .............................................................................................................271 5.5 小结 ..........................................................................................................................272 习题 ..........................................................................................................................272 第 6 章 典型并行应用算法 . .................................................................................274 6.1 矩阵相乘 ..................................................................................................................274 6.1.1 基于分块的并行矩阵相乘 .........................................................................274 6.1.2 改进的分块矩阵相乘——Cannon算法 .....................................................275 6.1.3 支持矩阵相乘的专用硬件——脉动阵列 .................................................277 6.2 线性方程组的直接求解 ..........................................................................................279 6.2.1 线性方程组及其求解方法简介 .................................................................279 6.2.2 三角方程组的回代求解 .............................................................................281 6.2.3 高斯消去法 .................................................................................................281 6.2.4 LU分解算法 ................................................................................................282 6.2.5 并行LU分解：逐行交错条带划分和块–循环分配 ..................................285 6.3 线性方程组的迭代求解 ..........................................................................................286 6.3.1 经典迭代求解方法 .....................................................................................286 6.3.2 共轭梯度求解方法 .....................................................................................289 6.3.3 迭代法求解示例：偏微分方程求解 .........................................................295 6.3.4 几种迭代法的并行性讨论 .........................................................................298 6.3.5 稀疏矩阵的压缩数据格式 .........................................................................299 6.4 快速排序 ..................................................................................................................301 6.5 快速傅里叶变换 ......................................................................................................303 6.5.1 算法背景 .....................................................................................................303 6.5.2 算法原理 .....................................................................................................303 6.5.3 递归算法转换为迭代算法 .........................................................................306 6.5.4 并行算法 .....................................................................................................307 6.6 基础线性代数库和软件包 ......................................................................................309 6.6.1 线性代数算法库BLAS ...............................................................................309 6.6.2 线性代数软件包LAPACK ..........................................................................312 6.7 小结 ..........................................................................................................................314 习题 ..........................................................................................................................314 附录A 英文缩写词 . ................................................................................................316 参考文献...................................................................................................................318